Dispensing of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medications for adults in Aotearoa New Zealand.

AIM: To report dispensing trends for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Aotearoa New Zealand, focussing on adults in order to highlight increasing demand for ADHD treatment by adults and to prompt discussion. METHOD: Demographic and dispensing data for ADHD were obtained from the Pharmaceutical Collection between the years 2006 and 2022. This was stratified according to child (<18 years) and adult (≥18 years) populations. Population dispensing rates for methylphenidate and atomoxetine were calculated. Key findings are reported to reveal demographic and dispensing trends for medication treated ADHD in Aotearoa New Zealand. RESULTS: More males are dispensed ADHD medication than females, although this is less evident for adults (54.8% male). Maori adults are dispensed ADHD medication at a lower rate (10.1%) than Maori children (22.9%). There was a 10-fold increase in dispensing of ADHD medication for adults compared to a three-fold increase for children over the study period. New dispensing for adults doubled between 2011 and 2022. CONCLUSION: Medication treatment for adult ADHD is increasing in Aotearoa New Zealand and includes treatment for persisting childhood ADHD and new diagnoses made in adulthood. Despite increases, dispensing rates for ADHD remain lower than prevalence estimates, suggesting a significant treatment gap. Addressing the treatment gap for ADHD may reduce negative effects of ADHD, but wider social influences should also be considered.

Prognostic performance of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor for heart failure or mortality in Western and Asian patients with acute breathlessness.

AIMS: The performance of circulating soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) for predicting the composite endpoint of subsequent heart failure (HF) hospitalisation and/or death at 1 year was assessed in (i) patients with undifferentiated breathlessness, and generalisability was compared in (ii) disparate Western versus Asian sub-cohorts, and in (iii) the sub-cohort adjudicated with HF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with acute breathlessness were recruited from the emergency departments in New Zealand (NZ, n = 612) and Singapore (n = 483). suPAR measured in the presentation samples was higher in patients incurring the endpoint (n = 281) compared with survivors (5.2 ng/mL vs 3.1 ng/mL, P < 0.0001). The discriminative power of suPAR for endpoint prediction was c-statistic of 0.77 in the combined population, but was superior in Singapore than NZ (c-statistic: 0.83 vs 0.71, P < 0.0001). Although the highest suPAR tertile (>4.37 ng/mL) was associated with risks of >4-fold in NZ, >20-fold in Singapore, and ≥3-fold in HF for incurring the outcome, there was no interaction between country and suPAR levels after adjustment. Multivariable analysis indicated suPAR to be robust in predicting HF/death at 1-year [hazard ratio: 1.9 (95% CI:1.7 to 2.0) per SD increase] and improved risk discrimination for outcome prediction in HF (∆0.06) and for those with NT-proBNP >1000 pg/mL (∆0.02). CONCLUSION: suPAR is a strong independent predictor of HF and/or death at 1 year in acutely breathless patients, in both Asian and Western cohorts, and in HF. suPAR may improve stratification of acutely breathless patients, and in acute HF, for risk of later onset of heart failure or mortality.

Equivalent revision rates and patient reported outcomes with routine use of a short (125mm) cemented stem for total hip arthroplasty compared to a standard length (150mm) cemented stem. A two surgeon series of 1335 patients.

BACKGROUND: Routine total hip arthroplasty (THA) using a short cemented stem as compared with a standard length cemented stem may have benefits in terms of stress distribution, bone preservation, stem subsidence and ease of revision surgery. Two senior arthroplasty surgeons transitioned their routine femoral implant from a standard 150 mm Exeter V40 cemented stem to a short 125 mm Exeter V40 cemented stem for all patients over the course of several years. We analysed revision rates, adjusted survival, and PROMS scores for patients who received a standard stem and a short stem in routine THA. METHODS: All THAs performed by the two surgeons between January 2011 and December 2021 were included. All procedures were performed using either a 150 mm or 125 mm Exeter V40 stem. Demographic data, acetabular implant type, and outcome data including implant survival, reason for revision, and post-operative Oxford Hip Scores were obtained from the New Zealand Joint Registry (NZJR), and detailed survival analyses were performed. Primary outcome was revision for any reason. Reason for revision, including femoral or acetabular failure, and time to revision were also recorded. RESULTS: 1335 THAs were included. 516 using the 150 mm stem and 819 using the 125 mm stem. There were 4055.5 and 3227.8 component years analysed in the standard stem and short stem groups respectively due to a longer mean follow up in the 150 mm group. Patient reported outcomes were comparable across all groups. Revision rates were comparable between the standard 150 mm stem (0.44 revisions/100 component years) and the short 125 mm stem (0.56 revisions/100 component years) with no statistically significant difference found (p = 0.240). CONCLUSION: Routine use of a short 125 mm stem had no statistically significant impact on revision rate or PROMS scores when compared to a standard 150 mm stem. There may be benefits to routine use of a short cemented femoral implant.

Convalescent Growth Differentiation Factor-15 and Long-Term Outcomes after an Acute Coronary Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) has been shown to be associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients after an acute coronary syndrome when measured soon after an event. Although dynamic in the acute phase after myocardial injury, GDF-15 has been shown to remain stable during convalescence. In this study, we aimed to assess the value of GDF-15 as a long-term prognostic marker for clinical outcomes when measured in the convalescent phase following an acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: GDF-15 concentrations were measured in 1945 patients who were recruited between 2002 and 2009 to the Coronary Disease Cohort Study. For this analysis, follow-up was curtailed at 10 years and association of GDF-15 with all-cause death, cardiovascular death, recurrent myocardial infarction, and heart failure hospitalizations were assessed with multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. RESULTS: After 10 years of follow-up, there were 648 deaths (348 from cardiovascular causes), 500 admissions for myocardial infarction, and 436 for heart failure. Four-month convalescent GDF-15 demonstrated a robust independent association with all endpoints, which remained after adjustment for Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events score and other convalescent biomarkers. When compared to the lowest quartile of GDF-15 concentrations, those in the highest quartile had a 3-fold increased risk of all-cause death. CONCLUSIONS: Convalescent plasma GDF-15 is a strong and independent predictor of 10-year all-cause death, cardiovascular death, recurrent myocardial infarction, and heart failure admission following an acute coronary syndrome. AUSTRALIAN NEW ZEALAND CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY TRIAL ID: ACTRN12605000431628.

Clinical and functional outcomes of TKA after HTO or UKA: a New Zealand Joint Registry Study.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical options for patients with unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis include high tibial osteotomy (HTO) or unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). When managing younger patients with a higher chance of further surgery, the outcome of any subsequent conversion to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) also needs to be considered. The aim of this study was to compare implant survivorship and patient-reported outcomes for patients undergoing TKA after previous HTO or UKA, with comparisons for age, gender and comorbidities. METHODS: Revision risk and 6-month Oxford Knee Scores (OKS) from the New Zealand Joint Registry were compared for patients who underwent TKA after HTO (HTO-TKA; n = 1556) or UKA (UKA-TKA; n = 965) between 1999 and 2019, with a comparison group of primary TKA (n = 110,948). Mean follow-up was 8.2 years. RESULTS: Adjusted revision risk was similar for HTO-TKA and UKA-TKA groups (hazard ratio (HR) 1.04, p = 0.84); and risk for both groups were higher than primary TKA (HTO-TKA HR 1.45, p = 0.002; UKA-TKA HR 1.51, p = 0.01). Overall adjusted mean OKS at 6 months for HTO-TKA (36.2) was similar to primary TKA (36.8, p = 0.23); and both were higher than UKA-TKA (34.2, p < 0.001). For the youngest patient group (< 55 years), revision rates of UKA-TKA were two-fold higher than HTO-TKA (2.8 vs. 1.3 per 100 component yrs, p < 0.03). HTO-TKA had better OKS (37.5 vs. 34.1, p < 0.0001) for males. Mean OKS for UKA-TKA was lower than HTO-TKA for patients with ASA 1-2 (35.6 vs. 37.5, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The findings from this study suggest that revision rate following TKA after HTO and UKA are similar. However, TKA after HTO have superior functional outcomes compared with TKA after UKA and are comparable to functional outcomes post primary TKA. The results support the use of HTO for young, male and less co-morbid patients.

A review of the New Zealand National Joint Registry to evaluate the survivorship and revision rates of Nexel and Coonrad-Morrey total elbow arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) is an appropriate surgical treatment option for a variety of conditions ranging from inflammatory arthritis to trauma. Due to a high complication profile, implant companies have attempted to improve patient outcomes with evolving design mechanics and philosophy. However, the Nexel TEA prosthesis has been criticized for its unacceptably high revision rate by other research groups in the literature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survivorship and revision rates of the Nexel and Coonrad-Morrey total elbow arthroplasty implant systems in New Zealand. METHODS: Prospectively collected national joint registry data was used to compare the survival rates of these prostheses. Underlying diagnoses, reasons for revision, and patient demographics were all recorded. Statistical analysis included survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier curves and comparison between groups using independent t-tests. RESULTS: Over the 23-year study interval, the Nexel and Coonrad-Morrey prostheses showed similar survivorship and revision rates. The revision rates at 5 years were 7.3% for ZN and 4.5% for the Coonrad-Morrey cohorts. The average time to revision for those who are revised was 3.13 ± 1.74 years in the Nexel group and 4.93 ± 4.13 years in the Coonrad-Morrey population. CONCLUSION: Our study confirms a lower revision rate of the Nexel TEA compared to other studies in the literature. Additionally, the Nexel TEA implant performs comparably to its predecessor, the Coonrad-Morrey prosthesis in New Zealand. While it is difficult to explain the discrepancy in results with the study by Morrey et. al, future studies should focus on investigating postoperative radiographs and a deep analysis of the specific surgical technique used for this implant.

Physical Activity Is Associated With A Decreased Risk Of Developing Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Modifiable risk factors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), such as physical activity, may be utilised as prevention strategies. However, the findings of previous studies on the association between physical activity and IBD risk have been inconsistent. We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the effect of physical activity on IBD risk. METHODS: A search was conducted for relevant studies published before April 2023 that assessed the effect of pre-IBD diagnosis levels of physical activity on IBD incidence. Individual summary statistics (relative risks; RR), and confidence intervals (CI) were extracted with forest plots generated. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to assess the quality of evidence. RESULTS: 10 observational studies were included. For cohort studies, there were 1,182 Crohn's disease (CD) and 2,361 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, with 860,992 participants without IBD. For case-control studies, there were 781 CD to 2,636 controls, and 1,127 UC to 3,752 controls. Compared to individuals with low physical activity levels, the RRs of CD in individuals with high physical activity levels for cohort and case-control studies were 0.78 (95% CI 0.68-0.88, P = 0.0001) and 0.87 (95% CI 0.79-0.95, P = 0.003), respectively. For UC, the RRs were 0.62 (95% CI 0.43-0.88, P = 0.008) and 0.74 (95% CI 0.51-1.07, P = 0.11). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis suggests that physical activity is inversely associated with the risk of developing IBD, more so in CD than in UC.

Persistent Opioid Use After Hospital Admission From Surgery in New Zealand: A Population-Based Study.

BACKGROUND: Persistent opioid use (POU) is common after surgery and is associated with an increased risk of mortality and morbidity. There have been no population-based studies exploring POU in opioid-naïve surgical patients in New Zealand (NZ). This study aimed to determine the incidence and risk factors for POU in opioid-naïve patients undergoing surgery in all NZ hospitals. METHOD: We included all opioid-naïve patients who underwent surgery without a concomitant trauma diagnosis and received opioids after discharge from any NZ hospital between January 2007 and December 2019. Patients were considered opioid naïve if no opioids had been dispensed to them or if they did not have a prior diagnosis of an opioid-use disorder up to 365 days preceding the index date. The primary outcome was the incidence of POU, defined a priori as opioid use after discharge between 91 and 365 days. We used a multivariable logistic regression to identify risk factors for POU. RESULTS: We identified 1789,407 patients undergoing surgery with no concomitant diagnosis of trauma; 377,144 (21.1%) were dispensed opioids and 260,726 patients were eligible and included in the analysis. Of those included in the final sample, 23,656 (9.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.0%-9.2%) developed POU. Risk factors related to how opioids were prescribed included: changing to different opioid(s) after discharge (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.21; 95% CI, 3.04-3.38), receiving multiple opioids on discharge (aOR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.29-1.45), and higher total oral morphine equivalents (>400 mg) (aOR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.23-1.45). Conversely, patients who were coprescribed nonopioid analgesics on discharge had lower odds of POU (aOR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87-0.95). Only small differences were observed between different ethnicities. Other risk factors associated with increased risk of POU included undergoing neurosurgery (aOR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.83-2.24), higher comorbidity burden (aOR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.75-2.07), preoperative nonopioid analgesic use (aOR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.60-1.71), smoking (aOR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.35-1.54), and preoperative hypnotics use (aOR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.28-1.42). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 1 in 11 opioid-naïve patients who were dispensed opioids on surgical discharge, developed POU. Potentially modifiable risk factors for POU, related to how opioids were prescribed included changing opioids after discharge, receiving multiple opioids, and higher total dose of opioids given on discharge. Clinicians should discuss the possibility of developing POU with patients before and after surgery and consider potentially modifiable risk factors for POU when prescribing analgesia on discharge after surgery.

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for acute proximal humeral fracture has comparable 10-year outcomes to elective indications: results from the New Zealand Joint Registry.

HYPOTHESIS AND BACKGROUND: Recently, the indication of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) has expanded beyond rotator cuff arthropathy to include treatment of complex acute proximal humeral fracture (PHF). Limited previous studies have compared the long-term clinical and functional outcomes of patients undergoing RTSA for PHF vs. elective indications for degenerative conditions. The purpose of this study was to compare implant survivorship, reasons for revision and functional outcomes in patients undergoing RTSA for acute PHF with those undergoing elective RTSA in a population-based cohort study. METHODS: Prospectively collected data from the New Zealand Joint Registry from 1999 to 2021 and identified 6862 patients who underwent RTSA. Patients were categorized by preoperative indication, including PHF (10.8%), rotator cuff arthropathy (RCA) (44.5%), osteoarthritis (OA) (34.1%), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (5.5%), and old traumatic sequelae (5.1%). Revision-free implant survival and functional outcomes (Oxford Shoulder Scores [OSSs] at the 6-month, 5-year, and 10-year follow-ups) were adjusted by age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, and surgeon experience and compared. RESULTS: Revision-free implant survival at 10 years for RTSA for PHF was 97.3%, compared with 96.1%, 93.7%, 92.8%, and 91.3% for OA, RCA, RA and traumatic sequelae, respectively. When compared with RTSA for PHF, the adjusted risk of revision was significantly higher for traumatic sequelae (hazard ratio = 2.3, P = .023) but not for other elective indications. The most common reason for revision in the PHF group was dislocation or instability (42.9%), which was similar to the OA (47.6%) and traumatic sequelae (33.3%) groups. At 6 months post-surgery, OSSs were significantly lower for the PHF group compared with the RCA, OA, and RA groups (31.1 vs. 35.6, 37.7, and 36.5, respectively, P < .001), and similar to traumatic sequelae (31.7, P = .431). At 5 years, OSSs were only significantly lower for PHF compared with OA (37.4 vs. 41.0, P < .001) and there was no difference between the PHF and other groups. At 10 years, there were no significant differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS: RTSA for PHF demonstrated reliable long-term survivorship and functional outcomes compared with elective indications. Despite lower functional outcomes in the early postoperative period for the PHF group, implant survivorship was similar in patients undergoing RTSA for the primary indication of acute PHF compared with RCA, OA, and RA and superior compared to the primary indication of traumatic sequelae.

Radiation cystitis in acute admissions for haematuria.

AIMS: To assess the outcomes of patients with haematuria from radiation cystitis admitted to Christchurch Hospital's Urology Service and identify treatment differences and hospitalisation trends. METHODS: From November 2021 to January 2023, a retrospective analysis of 144 acute haematuria admissions was conducted. Data covered demographics, diagnosis, surgeries, complications and hospital stay length. Predictive factors for admissions and surgical interventions were explored. RESULTS: Of the 144 admissions, 22 (15.3%) were diagnosed with radiation cystitis. The management strategies for radiation cystitis and non-radiation cystitis patients showed no significant differences in transfusion requirements, anti-bleeding medication usage (finasteride and/or tranexamic acid), or the need for acute or elective surgery. The average length of stay for admission was similar between the groups (radiation cystitis: 3.7 days, non-radiation cystitis: 3.5 days, p<0.05), but the readmission rate was significantly higher for radiation cystitis patients (59.1% vs 25.4%, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The management and hospital stay duration were similar for both cohorts; radiation cystitis patients faced increased readmissions, underscoring the necessity for rigorous monitoring and subsequent care. Upcoming research should target refining early interventions and management methods.

Cardiac effects of myoregulin in ischemia-reperfusion.

Myoregulin is a recently discovered micropeptide that controls calcium levels by inhibiting the intracellular calcium pump sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). Keeping calcium levels balanced in the heart is essential for normal heart functioning, thus myoregulin has the potential to be a crucial regulator of cardiac muscle performance by reducing the rate of intracellular Ca2+ uptake. We provide the first report of myoregulin mRNA expression in human heart tissue, absence of expression in human plasma, and the effects of myoregulin on cardiac hemodynamics in an ex vivo Langendorff isolated rat heart model of ischemia/reperfusion. In this preliminary study, myoregulin provided a cardio-protective effect, as assessed by preservation of left ventricular contractility and relaxation, during ischemia/reperfusion. This study provides the foundation for future research in this area.

Adjustable transobturator male system (ATOMS) for stress urinary incontinence: the evidence is mounting.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the New Zealand clinical experience with the adjustable transobturator male system (ATOMS), a novel continence device in the management of all degrees of stress urinary incontinence (SUI), focusing on efficacy and safety outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of all ATOMS devices placed between May 2015 and November 2020 was conducted. Severity of SUI was assessed (pad usage) before and after surgery. SUI was defined as mild (1-<3 pads/day), moderate (≥3-5 pads/day) or severe (>5 pads/day). The primary outcome measures considered were the overall success rate (improvement in pad use) and the dry rate (with dry defined as either no or 1 safety pad/day). The number of outpatient adjustments and total filling volumes were also documented in each case. Additionally, we documented incidence and severity of device complications and an analysis of treatment failures. RESULTS: A total of 140 patients were reviewed, with the most common indication for ATOMS placement being SUI after radical prostatectomy (82.8%). Of the patients included, 53 (37.9%) had previous radiotherapy, with 26 (18.6%) patients having had a previous continence procedure performed. No intraoperative complications were noted. The median preoperative pad usage was 4 pads/day. After a median follow-up of 11 months, median postoperative pad usage reduced to 1 pad/day. In our cohort, 116 patients (82.9%) reported an improvement in their pad usage and were considered successful with 107 (76.4%) patients reporting themselves to be dry. Complications within the first 90-days after surgery occurred in 20 (14.3%) of patients. CONCLUSION: Treatment of SUI with the ATOMS is safe and effective. The option of long-term, minimally invasive adjustment to respond to patient needs is a significant advantage.

Uptake of the Gout and Crystal Arthritis Network Consensus Statements for Gout Nomenclature.

OBJECTIVE: In 2019, the Gout and Crystal Arthritis Network (G-CAN) published consensus statements for the nomenclature of disease elements and states in gout. The aim of this study was to determine adherence to the G-CAN consensus nomenclature statements since publication. METHODS: American College of Rheumatology and EULAR conference abstracts were searched using online databases for the keywords 'gout,' 'urate,' 'uric acid,' 'hyperuricaemia,' 'tophus,' and/or 'tophi' before and after publication of the consensus statements (January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021, respectively). Abstracts were manually searched for labels used to reference gout disease elements and states. Use of the G-CAN-agreed labels, as well as alternatives, were compared between the two time periods. RESULTS: There were 988 abstracts included in the analysis: 596 in 2016 to 2017 and 392 in 2020 to 2021. Use of the agreed labels 'urate' and 'gout flare' increased between the two periods. There were 219 of 383 abstracts (57.2%) with the agreed label 'urate' in 2016 to 2017 compared with 164 of 232 (70.7%) in 2020 to 2021 (P = 0.001). There were 60 of 175 abstracts (34.3%) with the agreed label 'gout flare' in 2016 to 2017 compared with 57 of 109 (52.3%) in 2020 to 2021 (P = 0.003). Consistent with the G-CAN statement, use of the label 'chronic gout' reduced between the two time periods. There were 29 of 596 abstracts (4.9%) in 2016 to 2017 that used the label 'chronic gout' compared with 8 of 392 abstracts (2.0%) in 2020 to 2021 (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Use of G-CAN-agreed gout labels has increased, but gout nomenclature remains imprecise. Additional efforts are needed to ensure consistent use of agreed nomenclature for gout in the scientific literature.

Valgus-impacted subcapital neck of femur fractures: a systematic review, meta-analysis with cost analysis of fixation in-situ versus nonoperative management.

BACKGROUND: The management of the valgus-impacted neck of femur fracture (AO/OTA 31-B1) remains contentious. The objective of this study was to determine whether operative intervention is cost-effective. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review using electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Ebsco, Scholar) identifying studies published in the English language concerning valgus-impacted neck of femur fractures until June 2022. Additional studies were identified through hand searches of major orthopaedic journals, and bibliographies of major orthopaedic textbooks. MeSH terms (hip fracture and femoral neck fracture) and keywords (undisplaced, valgus-impacted, valgus, subcapital, Garden) connected by the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR" were used to identify studies. 2 reviewers independently extracted the data using standardised forms and recording spreadsheet. Methodological validity prior to inclusion in the review using standardized critical appraisal instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument. Meta-analysis was undertaken. Outcome measures were rate of displacement, avascular necrosis, non-union, mortality and requirement of further operative intervention. A cost utility analysis was then conducted to compare the 2 groups on the basis of the cost of initial treatment and the potential requirement of secondary intervention to hemiarthroplasty. RESULTS: 47 studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis data demonstrated a significant difference in the displacement rate of 22.8% and 2.8% between the nonoperative and internal fixation groups respectively (p = 0.05). The overall incidence of further operative intervention for each group was 23% and 10% respectively. There was no significant difference with respect to avascular necrosis, mortality or union rates. The cost utility analysis revealed nonoperative management to be approximately 60% more costly than initial internal fixation when the costs of subsequent surgery were included. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis of the existing literature concludes that whilst nonoperative management is possible for valgus impacted neck of femur fractures, it is associated with higher complication rates and greater expense than management by internal fixation.

Medium-term results of inlay vs. onlay humeral components for reverse shoulder arthroplasty: a New Zealand Joint Registry study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare medium-term results of inlay and onlay humeral components in reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). Specifically, we report differences in revision rate and functional outcomes between the 2 designs. METHODS: The 3 most used inlay (in-RSA) and onlay (on-RSA) implants by volume from the New Zealand Joint Registry were included in the study. In-RSA was defined as having a humeral tray that recessed within the metaphyseal bone, whereas on-RSA was defined as having a humeral tray that rested on the epiphyseal osteotomy surface. The primary outcome was revision up to 8 years postsurgery. Secondary outcomes included the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), implant survival, and revision cause for in-RSA and on-RSA as well as individual prostheses. RESULTS: There were 6707 patients (5736 in-RSA; 971 on-RSA) included in the study. For all causes, in-RSA demonstrated a lower revision rate compared to on-RSA (revision rate/100 component years: in-RSA 0.665, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.569-0.768; on-RSA 1.010, 95% CI 0.673-1.415). However, the mean 6-month OSS was higher for the on-RSA group (mean difference 2.20, 95% CI 1.37-3.03; P < .001). However, this was not clinically significant. At 5 years, there were no statistically or clinically significant differences between the 2 groups with respect to the OSS. CONCLUSION: The medium-term survival of in-RSA was higher than that of on-RSA. However, functional outcomes at 6 months were better for on-RSA compared to in-RSA. Further follow-up is required to understand the long-term survivorship and functional outcomes between these designs.

The Disease Severity Index for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Is a Valid Instrument that Predicts Complicated Disease.

BACKGROUND: The disease severity index (DSI) for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) combines measures of disease phenotype, inflammatory activity, and patient-reported outcomes. We aimed to validate the DSI and assess its utility in predicting a complicated IBD course. METHODS: A multicenter cohort of adults with IBD was recruited. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and weighted Kappa assessed inter-rater reliability. Cronbach's alpha measured internal consistency of DSI items. Spearman's rank correlations compared the DSI with endoscopic indices, symptom indices, quality of life, and disability. A subgroup was followed for 24 months to assess for a complicated IBD course. Area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) and multivariable logistic regression assessed the utility of the DSI in predicting disease progression. RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty-nine participants were included (Crohn's disease [CD], n = 230; female, n = 194; mean age, 46 years [SD, 15]; median disease duration, 11 years [interquartile range, 5-21]), of which 171 (CD, n = 99; ulcerative colitis [UC], n = 72) were followed prospectively. The DSI showed inter-rater reliability for CD (ICC 0.93, n = 65) and UC (ICC 0.97, n = 33). The DSI items demonstrated inter-rater agreement (Kappa > 0.4) and internal consistency (CD, α > 0.59; UC, α > 0.75). The DSI was significantly associated with endoscopic activity (CDn=141, r = 0.65, P < .001; UCn=105, r = 0.80, P < .001), symptoms (CDn=159, r = 0.69, P < .001; UCn=132, r = 0.58, P < .001), quality of life (CDn=198, r = -0.59, P < .001; UCn=128, r = -0.68, P < .001), and disability (CDn=83, r = -0.67, P < .001; UCn=52, r = -0.74, P < .001). A DSI of 23 best predicted a complicated IBD course (AUROC = 0.82, P < .001) and was associated with this end point on multivariable analyses (aOR, 9.20; 95% confidence interval, 3.32-25.49). CONCLUSIONS: The DSI reliably encapsulates factors contributing to disease severity and accurately prognosticates the longitudinal IBD course.

This study shows that the disease severity index (DSI) for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a valid and reliable instrument encapsulating the disease phenotype, disease activity, and impact of the disease on the patient; and it accurately predicts for incident disease complications.

The Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Oceania: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Incidence and Prevalence.

BACKGROUND: Past studies have shown high rates of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Australia and New Zealand (NZ). We aimed to describe the epidemiology of IBD in Australia, NZ, and the surrounding region (collectively termed Oceania) by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched from inception to April 2023 for studies reporting incidence or prevalence rates of IBD, Crohn's disease (CD), or ulcerative colitis (UC) in Oceania. All study designs were included. A meta-analysis calculated pooled estimates of incidence and prevalence, and a sensitivity analysis compared the pooled population-based studies with the non-population-based studies and the Australian and NZ studies separately. RESULTS: Nineteen incidence and 11 prevalence studies were included; 2 studies were from the Pacific Islands, with the rest coming from Australia and NZ. Pooled estimates showed high incidence rates of 19.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.8-23.7) for IBD, 8.3 (95% CI, 6.9-9.8) for CD, and 7.4 (95% CI, 5.7-9.1) for CD per 100 000 person-years. CD was more common than UC in most studies. The pooled estimates for the prevalence studies were 303.3 (95% CI, 128.1-478.4) for IBD, 149.8 (95% CI, 71.0-228.5) for CD, and 142.2 (95% CI, 63.1-221.4) for UC per 100 000 persons. Studies using population-based data collection methods showed higher pooled rates for both incidence and prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and prevalence of IBD in Oceania is high. The studies were heterogeneous and there were several geographic areas with no information, highlighting the need for more epidemiological studies of IBD.

This systematic review and meta-analysis of inflammatory bowel disease in Oceania found high incidence rates (19.8 [95% confidence interval, 15.8-23.7] per 100 000 person-years) and prevalence rates (303.3 [95% confidence interval, 128.1-478.4] per 100 000 persons). Most studies were from Australasia, with only 2 from the Pacific Islands.

Polypharmacy in the treatment of people diagnosed with borderline personality disorder: repeated cross-sectional study using New Zealand's national databases.

BACKGROUND: There is insufficient evidence to support the pharmacological treatment of borderline personality disorder. However, previous out-patient cohorts have described high rates of polypharmacy in this group. So far, there have been no national studies that have considered polypharmacy in borderline personality disorder. AIMS: To describe psychotropic polypharmacy in people with borderline personality disorder in New Zealand. METHOD: New Zealand's national databases have been used to link psychotropic medication dispensing data and diagnostic data for borderline personality disorder. Annual dispensing data for 2014 and 2019 have been compared. RESULTS: Fifty percent of people with borderline personality disorder who were dispensed medications had three or more psychotropic medications in 2014. This increased to 55.9% in 2019 (P < 0.001). Those on seven or more psychotropics increased from 8.4 to 10.7% (P < 0.023). Quetiapine was the most dispensed psychotropic medication, being given to 53.8% of people dispensed medication with borderline personality disorder in 2019. Lorazepam dispensing showed the largest increase, going from 15.5 to 26.7% between 2014 and 2019 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There is a large burden of psychotropic polypharmacy in people with borderline personality disorder. This is concerning because of the lack of evidence regarding the efficacy of these medications in this group.

The use of antibiotic-loaded bone cement and systemic antibiotic prophylactic use in 2,971,357 primary total knee arthroplasties from 2010 to 2020: an international register-based observational study among countries in Africa, Europe, North America, and Oceania.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Antibiotic-loaded bone cement (ALBC) and systemic antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) have been used to reduce periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) rates. We investigated the use of ALBC and SAP in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This observational study is based on 2,971,357 primary TKAs reported in 2010-2020 to national/regional joint arthroplasty registries in Australia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, and the USA. Aggregate-level data on trends and types of bone cement, antibiotic agents, and doses and duration of SAP used was extracted from participating registries. RESULTS: ALBC was used in 77% of the TKAs with variation ranging from 100% in Norway to 31% in the USA. Palacos R+G was the most common (62%) ALBC type used. The primary antibiotic used in ALBC was gentamicin (94%). Use of ALBC in combination with SAP was common practice (77%). Cefazolin was the most common (32%) SAP agent. The doses and duration of SAP used varied from one single preoperative dosage as standard practice in Bolzano, Italy (98%) to 1-day 4 doses in Norway (83% of the 40,709 TKAs reported to the Norwegian arthroplasty register). CONCLUSION: The proportion of ALBC usage in primary TKA varies internationally, with gentamicin being the most common antibiotic. ALBC in combination with SAP was common practice, with cefazolin the most common SAP agent. The type of ALBC and type, dose, and duration of SAP varied among participating countries.

Early Relative Growth Rate of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms and Future Risk of Rupture or Repair.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to test whether the relative growth rate of subthreshold abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) in the first 24 months of surveillance predicts the risk of future rupture or repair. METHODS: This was a single centre retrospective observational analysis of all small (< 45 mm diameter) and medium (45 - 54 mm in men, 45 - 50 mm in women) AAAs entered into ultrasound surveillance between January 2002 and December 2019, which received ≥ 24 months of surveillance. Relative growth rates were calculated from measurements taken in the first 24 months of surveillance. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate intervention and rupture free proportions five years following diagnosis for AAAs growing by < 5% and by ≥ 5% in the first 24 months of surveillance. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to further analyse this relationship by adjusting for factors found to be significantly associated with outcome in univariable analysis. RESULTS: A total of 556 patients with AAAs (409 men, 147 women) were followed for ≥ 24 months. This included 431 small AAAs. Of these, 109 (25.3%) grew by < 5% in the first 24 months of surveillance and had a cumulative event free proportion of 0.98 ± 0.05 at five years compared with 0.78 ± 0.05 for the ≥ 5% growth group (p < .001). Of 125 medium AAAs, 26 (20.8%) grew by < 5% in the first 24 months of surveillance and had a cumulative event free proportion of 0.73 ± 0.11 at five years compared with 0.29 ± 0.13 for the ≥ 5% growth group (p = .024). Baseline diameter and early relative growth rate were strongly and independently predictive of future intervention or rupture with hazard ratios of 9.16 (95% CI 5.98 - 14.03, p < .001) and 4.46 (95% CI 2.45 - 8.14, p < .001), respectively. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that slow expansion of small (< 45 mm) AAAs observed over an isolated 24 month period is indicative of a very low risk of rupture or repair in the medium term. Isolated growth rates may be a useful tool with which to triage low risk AAAs and prevent unnecessary surveillance.